"Romanesque style in modern architecture." History of Architecture Romanesque style in architecture

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Romanesque style - the artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe, as well as affecting some countries of Eastern Europe, in the XI-XII centuries (in a number of places - and in the XIII century.), One of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.

The development of Romanesque architecture was associated with monumental construction, which began in Western Europe at the time of the formation and heyday of feudal states, the revitalization of economic activity and the new growth of culture and art. The monumental architecture of Western Europe arose in the art of barbarian peoples. Such, for example, are the tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna (526-530), church buildings of the late Carolingian era - the court chapel of Charlemagne in Aachen (795-805), the church in Gernrode of the Otton period with its plastic integrity of large masses (second half of the 10th century) .

Tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna

Combining classical and barbarian elements, distinguished by severe grandeur, she prepared the formation of the Romanesque style, which subsequently purposefully developed over two centuries. In each country, this style evolved under the influence and strong influence of local traditions - antique, Syrian, Byzantine, Arab.

The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to the harsh fortress architecture: monastery complexes, churches, castles. The main buildings during this period are the temple-fortress and castle-fortress, located in elevated places, dominating the area.

Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconicism of the exterior decoration - the building always harmoniously blended with the surrounding nature, and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepwise recessed portals. Such walls carried a defensive purpose.

The main buildings during this period are the temple-fortress and castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - the dungeon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

Features of the architecture of the Romanesque Cathedral:

The plan is based on the early Christian basilica, i.e. the longitudinal organization of space
The enlargement of the choir or the eastern altar of the temple
Temple height increase
Replacement in the largest cathedrals of the coffered (cassette) ceiling with stone arches. The arches were of several types: box-shaped, cross-shaped, often cylindrical, flat along beams (typical of Italian Romanesque architecture).
Heavy arches demanded powerful walls and columns
The main motive of the interior is semicircular arches

Chapel of Penitent Sinners. Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne.

Germany.

A special place in the construction of large cathedrals in Germany took in the 12th century. powerful imperial cities on the Rhine (Speyer, Mainz, Worms). The cathedrals erected here are distinguished by the grandeur of massive clear cubic volumes, an abundance of heavy towers, and more dynamic silhouettes.

In the Worm Cathedral (1171-1234, ill. 76), built of yellow-gray sandstone, the division of volumes is less developed than in French churches, which creates a sense of solidity of forms. Such a technique as a gradual increase in volumes, smooth linear rhythms is not used. Squat towers of the middle cross and four tall round towers, as if cutting into the sky, with cone-shaped stone tents in the corners of the temple on the western and eastern sides give it the character of a harsh fortress. Smooth surfaces of impenetrable walls with narrow windows dominate everywhere, only sparingly animated by a frieze in the form of arches along the cornice. Weakly protruding lysens (shoulder blades - vertical flat and narrow ledges on the wall) connect the arched frieze, the base and the galleries at the top. In the Worm Cathedral, the pressure on the walls is relieved. The central nave is covered by a cross vault and aligned with the cross arches of the side naves. For this purpose, the so-called “coupled system” was applied, in which for each passage of the central nave there are two lateral spans. The edges of the external forms clearly express the internal volumetric and spatial structure of the building.

Worms Cathedral of St. Peter

Abbey Maria Laach, Germany

Liebmurg Cathedral, Germany

Bamberg Cathedral, east facade with two towers and polygonal choirs

France.

Most monuments of Romanesque art them in France, which in the 11-12 centuries. was not only the center of philosophical and theological movements, but also the wide dissemination of heretical teachings, to a certain extent overcoming the dogmatism of the official church. In the architecture of Central and Western France, the greatest variety is found in solving constructive problems, a wealth of forms. It features pronounced features of the Romanesque-style temple.

An example of this is the church of Notre Dame la Grand in Poitiers (11-12 centuries). This is a low-lit, low-lit temple, with a simple plan, with a low-protruding transept, with a poorly developed choir framed by only three chapels. Almost equal in height, the three naves are covered by semi-cylindrical vaults and a common gable roof. The central nave is immersed in twilight - light penetrates into it through the rarely located windows of the side naves. The heaviness of the forms is emphasized by a squat three-tier tower above the middle cross. The lower tier of the western facade is divided by a portal and two semicircular arches extending into the thickness of the steppe. The upward movement, expressed by small pointed towers and a stepped pediment, is stopped by horizontal friezes with sculptures of saints. A rich ornamental carving, typical of the Poitou school, spreads along the surface of the wall, softening the severity of the structure. In the grand temples of Burgundy, which took first place among other French schools, the first steps were taken to change the design of vaulted ceilings in the type of basilic church with a high and wide middle nave, with many altars, transverse and side ships, an extensive choir and a developed, radially located crown chapel. The high, three-tier central nave was blocked by a box vault not with a semicircular arch, as in most Romanesque churches, but with light lancet outlines.

An example of such a complex type is the grandiose main five-nave monastery church of the Abbey of Cluny (1088-1107), destroyed in the early 19th century. Serving as the center of activity of the powerful Clunian order of the 11-12th centuries, it became a model for many of the temple buildings in Europe.

The temples of Burgundy are close to her: in Pare le Manial (beginning of the 12th century), Vezeda (first third of the 12th century) and Authen (first third of the 12th century). They are characterized by the presence of a wide hall, located in front of the naves, the use of high towers. Burgundy temples are distinguished by perfection of forms, clarity of dissected volumes, measured rhythm, completeness of parts, their subordination to the whole.

The Romanesque monastic churches are usually small in size, the arches are low, the transepts are small. With a similar layout, the design of the facades was different. For the southern regions of France, near the Mediterranean Sea, for the temples of Provence (in the past, the ancient Greek colony and the Roman province), they are associated with ancient late Roman order architecture, the monuments of which are preserved here in abundance, simple temples in form and proportions dominated by the richness of the sculptural decoration of the pa facades, sometimes resembling Roman triumphal arches (Saint-Trofim Church in Arles, 12th century). Modified domed buildings penetrated the southwestern regions.

Priory of Serrabona, France

Italy.

There was no stylistic unity in Italian architecture. This is largely due to the fragmentation of Italy and the gravitation of its individual areas to the culture of Byzantium or the Romance - those countries with which they were connected by a long economic and cultural communication. Local Late Antique and early Christian traditions, the influence of the art of the medieval West and East determined the peculiarity of the Romanesque architecture of the advanced schools of Central Italy - the cities of Tuscany and Lombardy, in the 11-12 centuries. freed from feudal dependence and began the extensive construction of city cathedrals. Lombard architecture played an important role in the development of the vaulted structure and skeleton of the building.

In the architecture of Tuscany, the ancient tradition was manifested in the completeness and harmonious clarity of forms, in the festivity of the appearance of the majestic ensemble in Pisa. It includes the five-nave Cathedral of Pisa (1063-1118), the baptistery (baptismal church, 1153 - the 14th century), the inclined bell tower - Campanil (the Leaning Tower of Pisa, begun in 1174, was completed in the 13-14 centuries) and the Camio Cemetery -Santo.

Each building stands out freely, distinguished by simple enclosed volumes of a cube and cylinder and sparkling white marble on a square covered with green grass off the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. In the breakdown of the masses, proportionality is achieved. Elegant white-marble Romanesque arcades with Roman-Corinthian and composite capitals divide the facade and exterior walls of all structures into tiers, facilitating their massiveness and emphasizing the design. The large cathedral gives the impression of lightness, which is enhanced by inlays of colored marble of dark red and dark green color (a similar decor was typical of Florence, where the so-called “inlaid style” became widespread). The elliptical dome over the middle cross completed its clear and harmonious image.

Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy

As usual, the Romanesque style got its name only after a long time, after its completion. French archaeologists called the European architecture of the 10th-12th centuries the Romanesque style, since they considered this architectural direction to be a not entirely successful version of late Roman architecture.

The Romanesque style became a natural reflection of the spirit of its era: the period of early feudalism is characterized by fragmentation of European lands and frequent internecine wars. Therefore, sentinel towers, the massiveness of all structures (walls, columns, vaults), light openings that looked like loopholes - these features are inherent in buildings of the Romanesque period. Majestic temples of enormous size were located at a distance of bell ringing and often acted as a fortress for residents of the entire city. The houses of the feudal lords - castles - were a real fortress. They were surrounded by walls of impressive height with towers. And it was possible to get to the gate through drawbridges, falling over the surface of the water of a deep ditch.

The Romanesque style in architecture, like the whole culture of the Middle Ages as a whole, reflects the cultural and economic decline and subsequent stagnation, due to the fact that the achievements of the Romans in building crafts were lost, and the level of technology decreased significantly. But gradually, as feudalism developed, new types of buildings began to take shape: fortified feudal dwellings, monastery complexes, basilicas. The latter acted as the basis of religious construction.

A lot of the basilica of the Middle Ages took from late Roman architecture during the formation of the early Christian church. Such buildings are an architectural composition with an elongated space, which is divided into several naves by rows of columns. On average, the nave, which was wider than the rest and better sanctified, erected an altar. Often the courtyard building was surrounded by galleries - the atrium, where the baptismal cup was located. The Basilica of St. Apollinaris in Class (Ravenna) vividly demonstrates the early cult architecture of the Romanesque style:

Construction techniques.

Improvements in construction were caused by a number of pressing problems. Thus, wooden floors that suffered from constant fires were replaced by vaulted structures. Cylindrical and cross vaults began to be erected above the main naves, and this required the strengthening of wall supports. The main achievement of Romanesque architecture was the development of a constructive scheme that involved directing the main efforts - with the help of spring arches and cross vaults - to specific points and dividing the wall into the wall itself and buttresses (posts) located in places where the spacer efforts reached the greatest pressure. A similar design formed the basis gothic architecture .

Section and plan of a typical Romanesque basilica:

Features of the Romanesque style in architecture are manifested in the fact that architects seek to place the main vertical supports outside the outer walls. Gradually, this principle of differentiation becomes mandatory.

The most commonly used material for construction was limestone, as well as other rocks that the surrounding area was rich in: granite, marble, brick and volcanic boot. The laying process was simple: medium-sized hewn stones were fastened with a solution. Dry techniques have never been used. The stones themselves could be of different lengths and heights and were carefully processed only from the front side.

Features of the architecture of the Romanesque Cathedral:

● The plan is based on the early Christian basilica, that is, the longitudinal organization of space;
● An increase in the choir or eastern altar of the temple;
● Increasing the height of the temple;
● Replacement in the largest cathedrals of the caisson (cassette) ceiling with stone arches; The arches were of several types: box-shaped, cross-shaped, often cylindrical, flat along beams (typical of Italian Romanesque architecture);
● Heavy arches required powerful walls and columns;
● The main motive of the interior is the semicircular arches.

The difference between the designs of the Romanesque style from the later Gothic:

Sculpture in Romanesque architecture.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the role of sculpture in architecture and in particular relief begins to grow. Pagan Roman images are being replaced by church compositions that embody scenes from gospel scripture. Romanesque cathedrals were decorated with monumental and decorative compositions in the form of embossed human figures painted with paints.

As a rule, sculptures were used to create a holistic picture of the exterior of the cathedrals. The location of the reliefs did not have definite boundaries: they could be on the western facades (where the main entrance was located), near portals, on capitals or archivolts. The angular figures were significantly smaller than the sculptures in the center of the tympanum (the inner part of the semicircular arch located above the portal). In friezes they took a more squat form, and on bearing columns elongated proportions.

Each region of Western Europe has contributed its artistic tastes and traditions to the development of the Romanesque style. Everything depended on the traditions and living conditions of the region in which the building was built. So, the Romanesque structures of France are different from the German ones, and the German ones are not similar to the Spanish ones in the same way.

The Romanesque style in the architecture of France gradually adapted to the conditions of the surrounding reality. So to protect the buildings from the constant raids of the Magyars, they created fire-resistant structures; To accommodate a large number of parishioners, they gradually rebuilt and remade the inner and outer spaces of the cathedrals.

The church at the Benedictine monastery "Saint-Fliber", built in the XII century:

In Italy, the provinces of the northern part of the country created their own style, distinguished by monumentality. It arose under the influence of the Romanesque style of France, the palace architecture of Germany and is associated with the advent of brick building techniques.

The Romanesque architecture of the Northern Italian provinces is characterized by powerful arcade facades, dwarf galleries located under the eaves, portals, the columns of which stood on animal sculptures. Examples of such structures are the church of San Michele (Padova), the cathedrals of Parma and Modena XI-XII centuries.

Architects of Florence and Pisa created an original and cheerful version of the Romanesque style. Due to the fact that these areas were rich in marble and stone, almost all structures were made of these reliable materials. The Florentine style largely became the heir to Roman architecture, and often the cathedrals were decorated in the antique style.

The development of the Romanesque style in England is associated with the Norman conquest and spread totwo types of buildings: the castle and the church. The architecture of the Romanesque style was quickly mastered by the British and accelerated construction activity in the country. At the beginning of the century, wooden towers were completely replaced by stone ones. Initially, these were two-story buildings that had the shape of a cube. Following the example of Norman architects, English architects began to use a combination of dungeon, moat and palisade, which surrounded the archer camps. The construction of a two-tower facade of the western part of the building was also borrowed from Normandy.

The most famous of the surviving Romanesque buildings is Westminster Abbey. This structure has a middle cross tower, twin towers located in the west, and three eastern apse.

The 11th century for England was marked by the construction of many church buildings, including Winchester and Canterbury cathedrals, the abbey of St. Edmond, and many other Romanesque buildings. Many of these buildings were later reconstructed and remade. at gothic style , but according to the preserved documents and the remains of ancient structures, one can imagine the impressive monumentality and appearance of the buildings.

Romanika is an ancient style full of pagan traditions and cues. The symbolic language of this trend in the art of the early Middle Ages, the first style born outside of Greece and Rome, is difficult to perceive. The modern viewer is quite satisfied with the external intricacy and vivid expressiveness of the Romanesque sculpture. Meanwhile, the masters of the early Middle Ages considered it their duty to embody in stone the complex structure of the universe, its divine essence and incomprehensible complexity.

The heyday of this style in sculpture came at the beginning of the 12th century, and already the 13th century led to a new powerful style that overshadowed the previous ones. We are talking about Gothic, which appeared due to the development of the Romanesque, heavy and rude style, in the bowels of which Gothic airiness and harmony matured. In such an intricate way, barbarian Europe began its journey, rejecting antiquity ...

Sculptural romance is inextricably linked with architecture. There is no sculpture outside the temple - the early Christianity of Western Europe was afraid of the return of idolatry, so the temple sculpture itself appears late enough.

Speaking of Romanesque sculpture, it is necessary to clarify that this sculpture itself can be called with some stretch. Most often, it refers to the reliefs decorating tympans (semicircular spaces of arches above the entrances), as well as capitals of columns and decorative frames of the walls. A round sculpture, completely freed from stone, a rare phenomenon in the novel, characteristic of the latest period of the development of the style.

The Middle Ages practically did not leave us the names of artists, sculptors, architects. Therefore, almost all the works of the Romanesque style are anonymous.

Subjects of Romanesque sculpture are always associated with biblical subjects.

Favorite topic - Last Judgment, End of the World, Apocalypse. Reliefs on these topics abound with scary monsters, monsters, and fantastic creatures. It is in these reliefs that the most borrowings are from barbaric mythological representations of the world of people and the world of shadows.

The plots associated with the triumph of Jesus Christ are full of pathos and pathos.

The very figure of Christ is interpreted as the image of the Great Judge, the Almighty, one of the incarnations of God the Father.

The masters of romance loved to clash opposites in their works: hell and heaven, heaven and earth, good and evil. In this clash of fundamental differences, sculptors sought to portray the complex structure of the universe. Hence the multi-figure, the vivid emotionality of the characters, the complex interweaving of the figures, the tension and dynamism of the compositions.

Most of Romanica’s masterpieces are preserved in France, Germany and Spain. Rich in decor are the cathedral in Worms, the monastery in Cluny, the temple in Poitiers. So loved by tourists Pisa Cathedral, the church in Peterborough, the basilica in Saint-Denis.

Many large temples in Europe were rebuilt with the advent of fashion in the Gothic style, many sculptures suffered during the French Revolution. However, the remaining masterpieces give a complete picture of the once-only, heavy and rude style that adorned all the temples of Western Europe.

The combination of a dome with a long hall in the Byzantine-style Christian basilicas was already an important step towards the architectural expression of the Christian idea of \u200b\u200bstriving for heaven. This desire of the soul is expressed even more clearly in the Romanesque style of Western European architecture: the basilica still remained in it the main form of the church plan, but the replacement of the horizontal ceiling with a semicircular cross-shaped vault gave the Romanesque church a new character. The cruciform arch is formed by the fact that the surfaces of two half-cylinders laid horizontally intersect one another at right angles; the intersection creates four triangles whose lines make up the cross. In the style characterized by this form of the arch, there is a general tendency to replace straight planes with semicircular surfaces, with a semicircular arch.

This reduces the impression of heaviness, oppression produced by the Byzantine basilica, the contrast of ideas of power and burden is softened.

An example of the Romanesque style is the Leaning Cathedral of Pisa with the famous Leaning Tower. XI-XIII centuries, Italy

The setting of the bell towers in the upper corners of the Romanesque style church even more expressed the desire for heaven, and the portal, extending with ledges to the side of the entrance and decorated with a sculpture, symbolically depicted the ideas of the call to the temple and prepared those who began to feel Christian reverence. Two rows of columns formed a medium wide longitudinal gallery leading to the altar; the longitudinal building intersected transverse; this intersection formed a cross. The pulpit of the altar, towering several steps above the floor of the temple, was separated from the rest of the space by a balustrade; a dome rose above the altar. Like a shield of heaven, he covered the sanctuary, and under the pulpit was a crypt, a crypt, an underground church whose arches rested on columns or pilasters.

The great era of European art. Roman style

The upper cut-out line of the windows formed a semicircle, the pediment above the doors of the entrance to the temple was cut through by a round window, bulkheads of its frame diverged from the middle of the rays; it was called a rose; outside the walls there was a frieze composed of contiguous semicircles; on the eastern wall above the windows is a gallery formed by arcades; all this added variety to the outside of the walls. Inside the walls were images of events of sacred history; their ordinary objects were the fall of Adam and Eve and the atonement of the human race; there was a lot of variety in them; they were an integral part of Romanesque architecture and explained the religious significance of the building.

Laach Abbey in Germany. Roman style

The general character of the Romanesque style is calm, simplicity, nobility; at first he was strict to severity, but gradually he became graceful, and in many churches of the last times of his rule he achieved noble grace. The architects of the churches were then monks who held on to old forms, but improved them. In the XI century, the Romanesque style received its highest development; in the XII century, his dominance ended, giving way to gothic. Sculpture and painting, former servants of architecture, acquired the ability to portray deep religious ideas. Their main subject was the great work of redemption; this central thought was surrounded by a diverse, delicate fabric of images of other religious ideas, giving scope to feeling and imagination, and the dominant thought with which they were connected informed them of strict unity.

Trier Cathedral, X-XII century

The most famous Romanesque building was the main temple of the Klunius Abbey; he died during the French Revolution.

But still there are magnificent cathedrals of Speyer, Worms, Mainz, Trier; they are damaged by fires and wars, but nevertheless produce a sublime impression. Many other Romanesque churches in Germany, Italy, and northern France also testify that the monks who were their builders worked hard to give an architectural expression to the Christian feeling; but at the same time they show that these monk architects kept to their former patterns, could not free themselves from the forms bequeathed by tradition. Like the monk poets, they only imitated in their works the creations of the ancient world and the first centuries of Christianity.

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In a recent article, “The Historical Architecture of Britain and Its Impact on Modern Homebuilding,” we briefly told you about English historical architectural styles. Now it is time to study each of them more carefully and the most important thing is to consider the influence that these directions have on the appearance of modern country houses.

Historically, the very first style that spilled over into a separate direction was Romance. It was densely settled on the territory of England in the XI century and belonged mainly to castle buildings.

Features of the Romanesque style

As we have already mentioned, the Romanesque style was mainly related to castles and its external specificity was dictated by practical needs.

Masonry. Stone was the main material for construction simply because it wasn’t very good with bricks in those days.

It is to the Romanesque style that we owe the manner of carefully fitting the stones, although now such masonry is almost never used.

Small windows. This feature is due to the need because glass is a rare and expensive material at that time. It also does not provide adequate thermal insulation, and for security reasons it was inefficient to make "translucent" locks.

Apse These are semicircular protrusions on the building, which are especially loved both in our traditional church styles and in the Romanesque.

Massive view. Castles have been erected for centuries, therefore they are distinguished by special severity, monolithicity and create the impression that they have grown into the ground.

Minimal decor. At the beginning of the eleventh century, even to build a full-fledged castle was a difficult and time-consuming task. And although it cannot be said that Romanesque architecture had no decor or bas-reliefs, they were engaged in decorating at the last moment.

Two types of Romanesque buildings

Apart from the general features, one cannot fail to mention that the Romanesque style is not so much a certain building characteristic as an era. Therefore, there are at least two subspecies within it:

In modern urban housing construction

The Romanesque style is now not so much a direction as a peculiar tribute to the romance of medieval times - at least the directors, theater-goers and writers made a lot of efforts to, in spite of historians, flicker those times with a romantic halo. Sometimes rare buildings in the Neo-Gothic style borrow certain architectural solutions from the Romanesque style, but for large city buildings, this style has remained in the distant past.

In modern housing construction of country houses

But in the field of individual construction of houses, the romance trend feels, if not at ease, then quite comfortable. Again, we blame the playwright for everything, but these guys really gave the Middle Ages a very romantic image in the minds of the townsfolk and many are not at all against building a miniature castle on their site.

Of course, few people decide to accurately reproduce Romanesque canons in architectural projects - at least nobody uses masonry, since the brick comes out more reliable, convenient, easier and cheaper. But the motives remain popular to this day - and who will refuse the modern castle with all the amenities? Here are a few houses that inherit the canons of the Romanesque style:

Conclusion

A country house in the Romanesque style is a touching and somewhat romantic reference to harsh medieval times. Such a mansion will look a little unusual, but very cozy and monumental. And if you want to build a real fortress on your site, or maybe a miniature castle, then contact our TopDom design office and our architects will create an individual architectural project for you, taking into account all your wishes. And there is not far off implementation, which we, too, will gladly take upon ourselves.

Lecture Search

The art culture of the early Middle Ages.

The early Middle Ages - a time when stormy and very important processes took place in Europe, such as the invasion of the barbarians, which ended in the fall of the Roman Empire.

Barbarians settled on the lands of the former empire, assimilated with its population, creating a new community in Western Europe.

On the whole, the early Middle Ages was a time of the deep decline of European civilization compared to the ancient era. This decline was expressed in the dominance of subsistence farming, in the decline of handicraft production and, accordingly, in urban life, in the destruction of ancient culture under the onslaught of the unwritten pagan world.

Barbarian and early feudal kingdoms predominated on the political map of Europe during this period, and in the ideology there was complete domination of the Christian religion, which had a decisive effect on all aspects of public and personal life. This fully applies to the works of material culture.

In the early Middle Ages in Europe, wooden architecture dominated sharply, the monuments of which could not reach our days. However, fundamental stone buildings were erected, some of which became graphic examples of the architecture of that time. Almost all of them have a religious, church purpose.

For the southeastern part of Europe, which was part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) or experienced its influence, at first the most common form of construction was the basilica (translated from Greek - “royal house”) - elongated buildings with a semicircular or faceted ledge in the eastern parts - an altar (apse).

Formerly in ancient Rome, mostly public buildings, now they have turned into basilicas temples. Then, buildings with a centric plan — cross-domed churches — began to acquire increasing importance. In such temples, a dome resting on four pillars was located on the nave's ceiling.

The new interior forms of the churches also corresponded to the new interior decoration of churches, including mosaics, frescoes, and objects of worship, which as a whole constituted a definite artistic unity.

Byzantine painting gradually acquired a symbolic character, elements of stylization and asceticism intensified in it, and the image technique itself was subject to strict rules.
The architecture of the central part of Europe also affected the ancient and Byzantine canons, but their own specificity was manifested. This was even more true for the architecture of Northern Europe.

Romanesque style in art and architecture

The term "Romanesque style" is conditional and arose in the first half of the 19th century, when a connection between medieval and Roman architecture was discovered. In the 11-12 centuries the church reached the pinnacle of power. Her influence on the spiritual life of that time was unlimited. The church was the main customer of works of art. And in the sermons of the church and in the minds of the people there lived the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sinfulness of a world filled with evil, temptations, subject to the influence of terrible and mysterious forces. On this basis, in the Romanesque art of Western Europe, an ethical ideal arose, the opposite of ancient art. The superiority of the spiritual over the bodily was expressed in the contrast of violent spiritual expression and external ugliness of appearance. Scenes of the Last Judgment and the Apocalypse - the leading plot in the design of churches, sculptures and reliefs. The leading art form in the Middle Ages was architecture. Church Romanesque architecture was based on the achievements of the Carolingian period and developed under strong influence depending on local conditions from ancient or Byzantine or Arabic art. The main architectural task was to create a stone, for the most part, monastery church that meets the requirements of church services.

The Romanesque style absorbed numerous elements of early Christian art, Merovingian art, the culture of the "Carolingian Renaissance" (and, in addition, the art of antiquity, the era of the resettlement of peoples, Byzantium and the Muslim Middle East). In contrast to the local art tendencies that preceded it, the Romanesque style was the first art system of the Middle Ages that covered (despite the feudal fragmentation caused by the enormous variety of local schools) most European countries. The basis of the unity of the Romanesque style was the system of developed feudal relations and the international essence of the Catholic Church, which at that time was the most significant ideological force in society and, due to the lack of strong secular centralized power, had fundamental economic and political influence. The main patrons of art in most states were monastic orders, and monks were builders, workers, painters, copyists and manuscript decorators; only at the end of the 11th century roving artels of lay masons (builders and sculptors) appeared.

Separate Romanesque buildings and complexes (churches, monasteries, castles) were often created among the rural landscape and, located on a hill or on an elevated bank of the river, dominated the district as an earthly likeness of the “city of God” or a visual expression of the power of the overlord. Romanesque buildings are in perfect harmony with the natural environment, their compact forms and clear silhouettes seem to repeat and enrich the natural relief, and the local stone, most often served as a material, organically combines with soil and greenery. The exterior of Romanov style buildings is filled with calm and solemnly severe power; Massive walls played an important role in creating this impression, the heaviness and thickness of which were emphasized by narrow window openings and stepwise recessed portals, as well as towers, which became one of the most important elements of architectural compositions in Romanesque style. The Romanesque building was a system of simple stereometric volumes (cubes, parallelepipeds, prisms, cylinders), the surface of which was divided by blades, arcature friezes and galleries that rhythmized the massif of the wall, but did not violate its monolithic integrity. Temples of Romanesque style developed the types of basilic and centric (most often round in plan) church inherited from early Christian architecture; usually at the intersection of the transept with the longitudinal naves, a lantern or tower was erected. Each of the main parts of the temple was a separate spatial cell, both inside and outside, clearly separated from the rest, which was largely due to the requirements of the church hierarchy: for example, the church’s choir was inaccessible to the flock that occupied the naves. In the interior, the measured, slow rhythms of the arcades and the supporting arches separating the naves, which cut through the stone mass of the arch at a considerable distance from each other, gave rise to a sense of the unshakable stability of the divine world order; this impression was reinforced by the arches themselves (mainly cylindrical, cross, cross-rib, more rarely domes), which came in the Romanov style in place of flat wooden ceilings and originally appeared in the side naves.

If wall painting prevailed in the early Romanesque style, then in the late 11th - early 12th centuries, when the vaults and walls took on a more complex configuration, the leading form of the temple decor was the monumental reliefs that adorned the portals, and often the entire front wall, and concentrated in the interior on capitals.

In the mature Romanesque style, the flat relief is replaced by an increasingly convex, saturated with black and white effects, but invariably preserving an organic connection with the wall inserted into it or as if growing out of its array. The era of the Romanesque style was also the heyday of book miniatures, generally distinguished by the large size and monumentality of compositions, as well as various branches of decorative and applied art: casting, embossing, bone carving, enamel work, art weaving, carpet weaving, jewelry.

In romance painting and sculpture, the central place was occupied by topics related to the idea of \u200b\u200bGod's infinite and formidable power (Christ in glory, the “Last Judgment”, etc.). In strictly symmetrical compositions, the figure of Christ dominated undividedly, significantly exceeding the size of other figures. The narrative cycles of images (on biblical and gospel, everyday, occasionally - historical subjects) took on a more free and dynamic character. The Romanov style is characterized by numerous deviations from real proportions (heads are disproportionately large, clothes are interpreted ornamentally, bodies are subject to abstract patterns), thanks to which the human image becomes a carrier of an exaggeratedly expressive gesture or part of an ornament, often without losing intense spiritual expressiveness. In all types of Romanesque art, patterns, often geometric or composed of motifs of flora and fauna (typologically dating back to works of animal style and directly reflecting the spirit of the pagan past of European peoples) often played a significant role. The general system of Romanov style images, at a mature stage gravitating towards an artistic universal embodiment of the medieval picture of the world, prepared a typical Gothic view of the cathedral as a kind of "spiritual encyclopedia".

The leading role in the cultural life of Europe for a long time belonged to France. It is here that the largest number of architectural monuments of the Romanesque style is located. One of the most magnificent Romanesque temples is located in Burgundy. There in the XI century. a complex of Klunius Abbey was built with the huge, largest church in Europe of those times (length - 127 m, width - 40 m). The monastery in Cluny at that time was called the "second Rome." Burgundian architects have developed constructive innovations that reduce the volume of walls, increase the capacity of cathedrals, and achieve a great height of arches. The architecture of central France is characterized by power, simplicity and monumentality. In massive churches with thick walls, sculptural decorations were used sparingly. The art of Provence (southern France) was strongly influenced by Roman and Byzantine architecture. Antique ornaments, columns with antique capitals are the hallmarks of the temples of Provence. A peculiar architectural school has developed in Normandy. The appearance of the churches of Normandy is distinguished by the presence of large towers located on the sides of the facades and in the center of the building. In the XI-XII centuries. in Germany, the construction of large cathedrals began in cities on the Rhine - in Worms, Speyer, Mainz. Cathedrals are distinguished by grandeur and monolithicity, integrity and cohesion of architectural volumes.

Worms Cathedral (1181 - 1234) looked like an impregnable fortress. The walls of the building are thick and smooth, the windows are small and narrow, similar to loopholes. The severity of the cathedral is given by majestic and grandiose towers.
The sculptural jewelry was rarely used by the German architect. Separate sculptures of heroes of biblical stories, mythological animals were decorated with window sills, galleries of buildings, not merging with architecture.

During Romanesque times, many local architectural schools were created in Germany, of which the Rhine, Saxon and Westphalian were the most significant. Several centers of Romanesque art existed on the Apennine Peninsula. The most famous architectural monuments are located in Lombardy, Milan and Venice. Cultural traditions were not the same for different regions of Italy. For Rome and the central regions of Italy, a predominance of antique is characteristic, and for the southern regions - Byzantine features of architecture.

Outstanding monuments of Romanesque art include the complex in Pisa, which includes a cathedral, a baptistery and a bell tower. The construction of the cathedral was begun in the 11th century. brilliant architect Busqueto and continued in the XII century. architect Raynaldo.

The Romanesque style prevailed in England at the end of the 11th-12th centuries. Its specific feature was the combination in the building of types of monastery and parish churches. English churches, although very similar to French ones, have a large length and elongation (170 m). Towers were a favorite element of English architecture.

Thus, the main features of the Romanesque style in architecture were: the predominance of the semicircular shape of the arches, massive, heavy supports, smooth and thick walls with a small number of narrow openings

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The world of the European Middle Ages was distinguished by the isolation of its life, which led to the coexistence of several independent and parallel cultural directions. In rare cities, new customs were born, knightly castles lived their own lives, peasants adhered to rural traditions, and the Christian church sought to spread theological ideas. This motley picture of medieval life gave rise to two directions in terms of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque-style architecture originated in the 10th century, marking a period of calm after numerous internecine wars. This style is considered the first pan-European, which sets it apart from other post-Roman architecture trends.

Romanesque art

Romanesque style - the European style of architecture and art of the XI-XII centuries., Characterized by massiveness and grandeur. Its occurrence is associated with the revival of church construction. When the period of decline ended, monastic orders began to appear, complex forms of liturgies arose, which required the construction of new spacious buildings and improvements in construction techniques.

Thus, simultaneously with the development of early Christianity, a Romanesque style developed in the architecture of the Middle Ages.

Romanesque and Gothic styles

Gothic style is considered the successor to the Romanesque. France became its homeland, and the occurrence is attributed to the middle of the XII century. Gothic quickly spread throughout Europe and dominated there until the sixteenth century.

The name of the style comes from the name of the Gothic tribes. In the Renaissance, it was believed that medieval architecture was created by them. Romanesque and Gothic styles are strikingly different, despite their close existence.

Gothic buildings are famous for their airiness and lightness, cross vaults, spiers directed to the sky, lancet arches and openwork decor. Some of these features appeared in the late period of Romanesque art, but the highest flowering was in Gothic. Until the 16th century Gothic architecture prevailed in Europe and actively developed.

Romanesque and Gothic styles, therefore, are two stages of the architectural development of the Middle Ages, reflecting in themselves the features of life and the state system of that time.

Cult buildings in the Romanesque style

Romanesque architecture is severely feudal in nature, its examples are fortresses, monasteries, castles located on high ground and intended for defense. The murals and reliefs of such structures possessed semi-telling plots, reflected the divine omnipotence, and were largely borrowed from folklore.

The Romanesque style in architecture, like all the art of the Middle Ages, reflects the cultural and economic stagnation of Western European countries. This is due to the fact that the achievements of the Romans in the construction industry were lost, and the level of technology decreased significantly. But gradually, as feudalism developed, new types of buildings began to take shape: fortified feudal dwellings, monastery complexes, basilicas. The latter acted as the basis of religious construction.

A lot of the basilica of the Middle Ages took from late Roman architecture during the formation of the early Christian church. Such buildings are an architectural composition with an elongated space, which is divided into several naves by rows of columns. On average, the nave, which was wider than the rest and better sanctified, erected an altar. Often the courtyard building was surrounded by galleries - the atrium, where the baptismal cup was located. The basilica of St. Apollinaris in Ravenna and St. Paul in Rome - this is the early architecture of the Romanesque style.

Romanesque art gradually developed, and in the basilicas began to increase the space intended for the altar and choir, new rooms appeared, the naves began to be divided into tiers. And to the XI century. a traditional pattern of construction of such structures was formed.

Construction Techniques

Improvements in construction were caused by a number of pressing problems. Thus, wooden floors that suffered from constant fires were replaced by vaulted structures. Cylindrical and cross vaults began to be erected above the main naves, and this required the strengthening of wall supports. The main achievement of Romanesque architecture was the development of a constructive scheme that involved directing the main efforts - with the help of spring arches and cross vaults - to specific points and dividing the wall into the wall itself and buttresses (pillars) located in places where the spacer efforts reached the greatest pressure. A similar design formed the basis of Gothic architecture.

Examples of Romanesque style in architecture: Dudley (England) and Sully (France) castles, St. Mary's Church (Germany), Sterling Castle (Scotland).

Romanesque buildings

The Romanesque style in the architecture of the Middle Ages is characterized by a wide variety of directions. Each region of Western Europe has contributed its artistic tastes and traditions to the development of local art. So, the Romanesque structures of France are different from the German ones, and the German ones are not similar to the Spanish ones in the same way.

Romanesque architecture of France

The huge contribution of France to the development of Romanesque architecture is associated with the organization and planning of the altar of church buildings. Thus, the appearance of the crown of the chapel is associated with the establishment of the tradition of daily reading of the mass. The first building with such an innovation is considered to be the church at the Benedictine monastery "Saint-Fliber", built in the XII century.

The Romanesque style in the architecture of France gradually adapted to the conditions of the surrounding reality. For example, to protect the buildings from the constant attacks of the Magyars, fire-resistant structures were created; To accommodate a large number of parishioners, they gradually rebuilt and remade the inner and outer spaces of the cathedrals.

Romanesque architecture of Germany

The Romanesque style in Germany was developed by three main schools: the Rhine, Westphalian and Saxon.

The Saxon school is distinguished by the dominance of buildings such as a basilica with flat ceilings, characteristic of the period of early Christianity. Often used the experience of church architecture in France. So, as a prototype of many structures, they took the monastery church in Cluny, made in the Basilican form and had flat wooden floors. Such continuity is determined by the influence of the French Order of the Benedictines.

The interiors were calm and simple proportions. Unlike the French churches, in the Saxon buildings there was no detour in the choir, and the supports alternated: columns were installed between square columns or two columns were replaced by two columns. Examples of such structures are the church of St. Godenhard (Hildesheim) and the cathedral in the city of Quedlinburg. Such placement of the supports divided the interior of the temple into several separate cells, which gave the whole decoration originality and a unique charm.

In the performance of the Saxon school, the architecture of the Romanesque style gained simplicity and clarity of geometric shapes. The decor was small and meager, the interior was austere, the windows were seldom and at high altitude - all this gave the buildings a serf and severe character.

The school of Westphalia specialized in the erection of churches of the hall type, which was a space divided into three equal in height nave with stone arches. An example of such a structure is the chapel of St. Bartholomew (Paderborn), built in the XI century. The temples of the Westphalian school were built without a clear and proportional division of space into parts, that is, the composition of the facades did not reflect a comparison of the parts of the building and its volumes. Also, the buildings were distinguished by the absence of any sculptural decorations.

A characterization of the Romanesque style in architecture would be incomplete without mentioning the Rhine school. Here, the main emphasis is on the structural features of the floors. They were constructed according to the “connected Roman system”, the essence of which consisted in the fact that the arches of the lateral naves were based on the middle distance. Thus, the supports alternated: massive pillars held the arch of the main hall, and lightweight intermediate supports accounted for the weight of the side ones.

In the cathedrals and churches of the Rhine school, architectural decor was also stingiest. Often, decorative arcades were built outside, such as in the Speyer Cathedral, whose appearance, despite its simplicity, has very expressive forms. In a word, severe grandeur and power personified the German Romanesque style.

The architectural Romanesque style was the embodiment of the feudal period in history. And it was precisely in the monuments of medieval Germany that the monumentality and gloomy inviolability of this era reached its heights.

Romanesque architecture of Italy

As with the architecture of other European countries, the architecture of Italy was different. Everything depended on the traditions and living conditions of the region in which the building was built. So, the provinces of the northern part of the country created their own style, distinguished by monumentality. It arose under the influence of the Romanesque style of France, the palace architecture of Germany and is associated with the advent of brick building techniques.

As for Rome itself and the south of Italy, these areas practically did not play a role in the formation of Romanesque architecture.

Architecture of Normandy

After the adoption of Christianity, the Church established clear requirements for the construction of temples and cathedrals, which embodied Romanesque art. The Romanesque style, characterized by the bulkiness of buildings, not accustomed to excesses and impracticality, the Vikings sought to reduce to the necessary minimum. The builders immediately rejected the massive cylindrical vaults, preferring roof rafters.

A vivid example of Romanesque architecture in Normandy are the churches of the abbeys "Sante Trinite" (convent) and "Sante Etienne" (masculine). At the same time, the Trinite Church (11th century) is considered the first building in Europe where a two-span cross vault was designed and installed.

The greatest merit of the Norman school is that, in accordance with the centuries-old traditions and experience of frame structure, it creatively rethought borrowed designs and schemes of structures.

Romanesque architecture of England

After the Normans conquered England, they changed the style of their politics to a constructive one. And as a sign of political and cultural unity, two types of buildings were invented: a castle and a church.

The architecture of the Romanesque style was quickly mastered by the British and accelerated building activity in the country. The first building erected was Westminster Abbey. This structure included the tower of the middle cross, twin towers located in the west, and three eastern apse.

The 11th century for England was marked by the construction of many church buildings, including Winchester and Canterbury cathedrals, the abbey of St. Edmond, and many other Romanesque buildings. Many of these buildings were later reconstructed and remade, but according to the preserved documents and the remains of ancient structures, one can imagine the impressive monumentality and appearance of the buildings.

The Normans turned out to be skilled builders of castles and fortresses, and the Tower is one of the clearest proofs of this. This fortification, built by order of William, became the most impressive building of that era. Subsequently, such a combination of a residential building and defensive fortifications became widespread in Europe.

The Romanesque style in England is usually called Norman due to the fact that the Vikings carried out the construction, realizing their architectural designs. But gradually the orientation of the created designs on defense and fortification was replaced by a desire for decoration and luxury. And by the end of the XII century. Romanesque gave way to Gothic.

Romanesque architecture of Belarus

The Romanesque style in the architecture of Belarus arose after the adoption of Christianity, when Byzantine architects began to build temples in accordance with the European tradition.

Starting from the 11th century Towers, castles, temples, monasteries, city houses, made in the style we are considering, began to appear in the country. These buildings were distinguished by their massiveness, monumentality and severity, and were decorated with sculptures and geometric ornaments.

However, today there are very few monuments of Romanesque architecture. This is due to the fact that many buildings were destroyed during frequent wars, or in the following years they were reconstructed. So, for example, St. Sophia Cathedral (Polotsk), erected in the middle of the 11th century, came to us in a strongly rebuilt form, and today it is not possible to determine its original appearance.

The architecture of Belarus at that time was distinguished by the use of a large number of construction techniques and techniques. The most famous and striking examples are the Cathedral of the Savior-Efrosinievsky monastery (Polotsk), the Church of the Annunciation (Vitebsk), the church of Borisoglebskaya (Grodno). These buildings combine the features of ancient Russian architecture and the basilicality inherent in the Romanesque style.

Thus, already in the XII century. the Romanesque style began to gradually penetrate the Slavic lands and transform the architecture of Belarus.

Conclusion

Thus, the Romanesque style in architecture began to emerge during the Middle Ages (V - X centuries), and it manifested itself in different countries of Europe in different ways, depending on geographical, political and national characteristics. Throughout that era, in parallel, practically without touching, various architectural directions existed and developed, which led to the originality and uniqueness of structures in various European countries.

In the Middle Ages, the Romanesque style had a great influence on the formation of monastery complexes, which included a temple, hospitals, refectory, libraries, bakeries and many other buildings. In turn, these complexes influenced the structure and location of urban buildings. But the direct development of city fortifications began in the subsequent period, when Gothic reigned.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Lyceum number 20"

City scientific-practical conference of students

"My discovery"

Art

Romanesque style in modern architecture

Grade: 8

ОУ: MBOU "Lyceum №20"

Head: Burmistrova Olga Valentinovna, music teacher

Puchikhina Alfiya Harisovna, teacher of fine art

INTERNATIONAL - 2017

Introduction ………………… ……………………………………………………… 3 Chapter 1. Romanesque style ………..……….four

1.1. The history of the Romanesque style …………………………………………… 4

1.1.1. Doroman period .............................................. 5

1.2. Features of the Romanesque style ……………………………. .... ... .. ... 5

Chapter 2. Features of the Romanesque style in different countries ……… ........................ 7

Chapter 3. Elements of the Romanesque style in the architecture of subsequent centuries ..9

Chapter 4 The results of a sociological survey ………………………………………… .13

Conclusion ...................................................................... 14

List of sources used ..…………………………………………..……....15

Appendices .......................................... 16

Introduction

Theme of my research work:"Romanesque style in modern architecture"

Traveling in Germany and Italy in 2014, I saw many castles and temples, both in Gothic and Romanesque styles. I wondered if there are echoes of the Romanesque style that was so often encountered in my travels in Europe in modern architecture.

Relevance : Today, so many styles are found in architecture that I would like to learn how to understand modern architecture and the elements of architecture of past centuries.

Problem : to identify whether today there are elements of the Romanesque style in modern architecture?

Hypothesis: occurs because try to imitate that time, take the best of medieval architecture, create films about this era ...

Purpose: Identification of the Romanesque style in modern architecture

Tasks:

Get to know the features of the Romanesque style

A. architecture

B. interior

B. Elements of the Romanesque style

To identify elements of the Romanesque style in the architecture of subsequent centuries

An object: Architecture of the early Middle Ages (Romanesque style)

Thing: architectural elements of the Romanesque style

Methods comparison, juxtaposition, analysis, questionnaire

Practical purpose: use in the classes on history, literature, the Moscow Art Theater, the visual arts.

Roman style

Romanesque style - the style of Western Europe in the XI - XII centuries (in some places - and in the XIII century). It is one of the most important stages in the development of art and architecture in Europe. Best Romanesque style is expressed in architecture. ATXIX century, this style was given the name "Romanesque". As a result of a long search, I was not able to find out how this architectural style was called until the XIX century. After all, only in the XIX century did he have a name. It comes about Latin (romanus , which means Roman) - the name of the city of Rome. The Romanesque style is so named because it originated in areas that were previously part of the Roman Empire.

The Romanesque style was endowed with the epithets “common folk” as well as “peasant”. Compared to the intricate and finely thought out Arabic architecture, the Romanesque style seems primitive, simplistic.And yet it was with this style that Europe first spoke its word in medieval art. The Romanesque style originated in Italy after the fall of the Roman Empire and the completion of the great migration of peoples. Romanesque architecture is the development of architecture preceding it, the origins of which lie in antiquity and, consequently, in Roman architecture.

It was a period of formation of states, a period of fragmentation, so people did not seek to accumulate material wealth, they had not yet gone to the Crusades and did not know how they lived in the East.

The history of the Romanesque style

At the beginning of the XI century. primarily in areas adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, appearfirst Romanesque buildings. These most ancient monuments have a characteristic masonry of large stones. Facades of buildings were often decorated with reliefs and "false" - deaf arcades.

Almost all parts of Europe participated in the development of the new style. This development was complex and had several directions. The western and southern parts of Europe, which were in closer contact with ancient culture, in this sense were ahead of the regions of central Europe. A new cultural center originates from France, which played a decisive role in the emergence of the Romanesque style. Here there are ideas that gave impetus to the development of technical and artistic capabilities of that time, attitude, ideal of beauty, which inspired romance art.

Doroman (pre-Roman) period

In Carolingian architecture Renaissance intertwined styles of antique, Byzantine and medieval architecture. It is known that at that time extensive construction was underway, but few buildings have survived to this day. Among the monuments of Carolingian architecture, such, as palatine chapel at Aachen (- ), chapel Rotunda St. Michael at Fulda Abbey (- ), monastery gate at Lorsche (about ) and others. Temples, palaces and cathedrals are often decorated from the inside with mosaics and frescoes.

Ottonian art follows Carolinsky and precedes the Romance, although there is no clear border between them. The name of this art comes from the dynasty founded by Otto the Great. The architecture of Ottonian art was greatly influenced by the Carolingian style. Two trends are intertwined in Ottonian architecture: the further development of the ideas of Carolingian architecture and new solutions preceding the emergence of Romanesque architecture.

Features of the Romanesque style

Buildings of that time always harmoniously fit into the surrounding nature, looked especially durable. This was facilitated by massive walls, narrow walls and stepwise recessed wide portals.

The main buildings during this period aretemple-fortress and castle-fortress. The main element of the castle’s composition is the tower -dungeon - observation tower, was also a refuge during the attack of the enemy. Around it were the rest of the buildings, similar to simple geometric shapes.

But the most important thing in this fortress wascathedral .

Architecture featuresroman cathedral:

At the heart of the plan is early christian basilicai.e. longitudinal organization of space
Replacing the coffered ceilingstone vaults. The vaults were of several types: box, cross, often cylindrical
Heavy arches requiredpowerful walls and columns
The main motive of the interior issemicircular arches.

Interior.

Poverty and harsh life were the lot of the land of the nobility, only the bearers of the highest secular or church authority really lived in luxury. Chests, tables, benches, coarsely knit together were the lot of not only the peasants, but also the nobility.

In Pushkin's Journey to Arzrum, the poor knights who came to the East during the Crusades were amazed when they “... leaving the bare walls and oak chairs of their castles, for the first time saw red sofas, colorful carpets and daggers with colored pebbles on the handle».

Conclusions on the 1st part:

1. Defensive style was created during the time of civil strife; Romanesque style is not just a building - it is a complex of buildings located on the territory of the fortress. And most importantly, important, beautiful and best preserved to this day in the fortress is the Christian Cathedral. This contemporaries saw a special beauty, reliability, elevation

2. Romanesque art was formed in the center of Europe in the Caroline period - in France, in the Otton period - in Germany, therefore it is most clearly represented in these countries. That is what distinguishes the Romanesque from the previous ones (time dictated its conditions).

3. Everything was primitive not for beauty - there was no luxury, people did not strive for it, reliability, stability, protection.

4. For the first time in reliefs, sculptures and frescoes, an image of a demon appears.

Features of the Romanesque style in different countries

Architecture romanesque style in European countries is different.

Romanesque architectural monuments
country	the cathedrals	signs
England		The combination of parish and monastic types of temples has become a hallmark of the Romanesque style of Great Britain.The formation of Romanesque architecture in England is associated withnorman Conquest ( norman style) Minimalism decor. The construction of the castle required considerable costs, so little attention was paid to the decor. Masonry - to make the construction durable, stones were carefully adjusted, then there were no bricks. Small windows - large windows were not only disadvantageous due to expensive and rare glass, but could also reduce the safety of the building
Germany	Kaiser Cathedrals at Speyer ,	Arc-shaped friezes along the eaves. Smooth surface of the walls. Narrow windows. The upper part of the basement of the gallery and the frieze of the arch are connected by narrow lysens. Lysens - vertical flat ledges on the surface of the walls.
France		T rekhnefsky basilicas - in the middle nave there were arches of cylindrical shape. The most beautiful figures adorning the building. The variety of architectural schools
Spain	Cathedral in Spain	The architecture of temples and churches was very similar to that of French builders. The clarity of volumes, the integrity of parts and the perfection of forms.
Italy	Ravenna Cathedral	Sculptural decor, lysenas, remote porch porches, sculptural decor, miniature galleries - all this was used in the decoration of Italian churches of the 11-12th century.
Portugal	Porto Cathedral Old Town Hall Bragances Old Cathedral of Coimbra	The influence of the Moorish style (openwork lattices, lace domes, etc.)
Latvia	Turaida Castle Fat Margarita	The stone buildings were solid, powerful, bulky.

Conclusion on 3 parts:

Romanesque style in different countries is different, because the appearance of this style in European countries occurs at different times, a territorial feature is imposed. In the south-west (Spain, Portugal - Moorish lace on the tops of domes, lattice fences, etc.) the influence of the Moorish style, in the north (England - reminiscent of pre-art) the influence of the Norman style, In the center of Europe (Germany, France - as if grown from the ground heavy cathedrals) - heavy Romanesque style.

Elements of the Romanesque style in the architecture of subsequent centuries

The Romanesque style borrowed architectural elements from other eras preceding the Romanesque style. The object of imitation is the architecture of Ancient Rome, but significantly changed, which explains the name "Romanesque".

The basilica is not an achievement of the Romanesque style, but the heritage of previous generations (other Greece).

Elements of the Romanesque style are in subsequent styles.

For example, in Gothic there are elements of the Romanesque style, such as:

portals
disproportionate sculptures of man, which are both decoration of the interior of the cathedral, and located on its facade
the columns
arches
narrow elongated windows
round windows (later, in the Gothic style - they began to be called sockets),
arches (cross, cylindrical)
shod doors of temples (protective function)

This proves thatgothic style arose in the process of developing Romanesque architecture.

Arcature Belt in Russian temple architecture is nothing but Romanesqueblind arcade, as well as round portals, elongated windows. Examples include the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, and many others. other

Renaissance Architecture has such features of the Romanesque style as, long and narrow windows, round windows, arches and columns. Examples: Cathedral Sant Agostino at Rome e ( Giacomo Pietrasanta)Santa Maria del Fiore in Florenzi and, Church of Santa Maria Novella (Alberti) and many others. other

Metal forged doors created both in the Romanesque and in subsequent styles. Examples: the door of the Cathedral in Troy (Italy) XII century, the doors of St. Isaac's Cathedral of the XIX century, doorsCathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow XX century and many others. other

The essence of the temple construction of the following centuries -cross-domed church (reflection of the cross in the laying of the foundation and erection of walls) which, in fact, is a basilica.

Sculpture in the era of the Romanesque style becameintegral part of architecturethat is repeatedly repeated in subsequent cultural eras:gothic - for example: Naumburg Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris; baroque - for example: Sanssouci inPotsdam e, neoclassicism - for example: St. Isaac's Cathedral Saint Petersburg

And even in a style likemodern there are echoes of the Romanesque style in a bizarre form: round windows, round portals, sculpture on the facade of buildings and on the roof.

In the architecture of the XIX-XX centuries and in modern architecture there are:

Forged metal doors with reliefs.
Round portals
Round windows
Narrow elongated windows
Heavy massive columns, walls

Arched vaults
Sculpture on the facade of the building

When analyzing elements of the Romanesque style, I got the following table.

Eras, styles	Roman style elements	Examples
Eras, styles	Roman style elements	Europe	Russia
Middle Ages. (Gothic)	portals, columns, arches, round windows, narrow elongated windows, sculptures on the facade, arches, forged doors	Naumburg Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral	Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl,
Rebirth	Arches, columns, round windows, narrow elongated windows	Church of Santa Maria Novella,Cathedral Sant Agostino at Rome e
Baroque	sculptures on the facade, round windows, columns	Sanssouci in Potsdam e	Smolny monastery in St. Petersburg
Classicism, Neoclassicism, Empire	sculptures on the facade, portals, round windows, columns,	Pantheon in Paris (arch. Sufflo)	St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Arch of the General Staff of St. Petersburg, Kazan Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Savior
Modern architectural style distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more naturalwidespread-	sculptures on the facade, round windows, columns, round portals, arches	Sagrada Familia Church,	Church of the Savior of the Miraculous Image in Klyazma,Singer House in St. Petersburg, Arseny Morozov Mansion on Vozdvizhenka
Modernism - movement in the architecture of the twentieth century, a watershed in content associated with the decisive renewal of forms and designs 1900-1980	round windows, columns, arched vaults, round portals, sculpture on the facade	Red House in London 1860 (elongated windows) Library of Saint Genevieve in Paris, 1850 (blind arcade, portals),Chandigarh, Palace of Justice Le Corbusier (arches), Eiffel Tower

Conclusion on 3 parts:

Each new architectural style borrows something important for its time from the previous one.

Roman style played an important role in the development of European art and preparedtransition to a higher stage of medieval art culture.

Romanesque style was intermediate in the development of world architecture (not pretentious as baroque, but the bullet in stone construction is defense).

Surprisingly, elements of romance style most commonin religious buildings.

The closer to the present, the elements of romance style are less common.

Opinion poll

The survey was conducted among students in grades 7-8 (97 people).

Questions were suggested:

What is the Romanesque style in architecture? What time did he exist?
What is the difference between the Romanesque and the subsequent (Gothic) style? Why?
What elements of the Romanesque style do you meet today?

85% of opponents were able to determine what a Romanesque style in architecture is.

54% of respondents were able to compare this style with the Gothic and name the elements of the Romanesque style

No one could connect the Romanesque style with the present and give examples of the Romanesque style in modern architecture.

Conclusion:

The Romanesque style developed at the same time and is perceived differently in different parts of Europe and Russia.
The Romanesque style has borrowed in the architecture of previous eras (Greek, Roman) - columns, basilica. And in later eras, this style was reflected and developed in architecture (basilica, massive walls and columns, round portals, arched vaults, narrow windows, round windows, wrought iron doors, facade sculpture, etc.)

"Romanesque style in modern architecture." History of Architecture Romanesque style in architecture

Construction techniques.

Sculpture in Romanesque architecture.

Features of the Romanesque style

Two types of Romanesque buildings

In modern urban housing construction

In modern housing construction of country houses

Conclusion

Romanesque art

Romanesque and Gothic styles

Cult buildings in the Romanesque style

Construction Techniques

Romanesque buildings

Romanesque architecture of France

Romanesque architecture of Germany

Romanesque architecture of Italy

Architecture of Normandy

Romanesque architecture of England

Romanesque architecture of Belarus

Conclusion

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